Logical Square
From the age of scholastic philosophy in relation to the doctrine of S. Thomas Aquinas attention (1274), particularly his detailed analysis paralogize ( "De fallaciis"). Composition of logic, which had some historical significance, Michael Psellu belongs Byzantines. He suggested that the so-called "logical square", in any clearly expressed the attitude of various kinds of judgments. He is the names of the different modi (Greek) figures. These names, romanized, moved to western logical literature.
Michael Psell following Feofrastu, five modi-fourth the figure falls into the first. Name of species he had in mind mnemonic purpose. He also owns and Commonly marked the quantity and quality judgments (a, e, i, o). Exercises in logic Psella have a formal character. Writing Psella was translated Wilhelm Shirvudom and extension due to alterations Petra Spanish (Pope John XXI). Peter the Spanish in his book marked the same desire to mnemotehnicheskim rules. Latin names of species of the figures presented in formal logic, taken from Peter Hispanic. Spanish Peter and Michael Psell represent blossoming formal logic in medieval philosophy. Since the Renaissance, began a formal criticism of syllogistic logic and the formalism.
The first serious critic of the logic of Aristotle was Pierre Ram, who died during the night Varfolomeevoy. The second part of his "dialectics" refers to the S., teaching him about C. However, significant departures from Aristotle was not. Starting with Bacon and Descartes philosophy is on new ways and methods of research advocated: the unsuitability of syllogistic method in terms of research, finding the truth becomes more and more apparent.