History
The teachings of the syllogism in Aristotle first described in its "First analytics". He said only three figures categorical syllogize, not to mention a possible fourth. Particularly in detail, he examines the role of the modality of judgments in the inferences. Successor of Aristotle, the founder of botany Feofrast, according to Alexander Afrodiziyskogo (in his commentary to the first "Analysis" Aristotle), added five additional mode (modi) for the first figure S.; mode, the five were subsequently identified Claudius Galen (who lived in the II-m at. n. e.) particularly in the fourth figure. In addition, Feofrast and his disciple Evdem engaged in analysis and separation of conditional syllogism. They allowed five thinking: two of them correspond to conditional S., and three - Separation, which they viewed as a modification of the conditional C. This ends the development and teachings of ancient times in C., if not take to the addendum, which did stoic doctrine of the Conditional S. According to sixth empiricism, stoic recognize certain types of conventional separation and that is not in need of proof, and treated them as prototypes S. (as, for example. now look at S. Zigvart). Stoic recognize five types of such S., coinciding with Feofrastovymi. Sixth empiricist leads to the following examples of these five species.
If the day, there is light, but it is now time trace., There is light.
If the day, there is light, but there is no light, sledovat. There is no day.
There can be (simultaneously) of the day and night, but the day has come, therefore, there is no night.
It can be either day or night, but it is now time, therefore, there is no night.
It can be either day or night, but am not, therefore, is the day.
A sixth empiricism and skeptics, in general, we are meeting and criticized the S., but the purpose of criticism - the impossibility of proof of evidence in general, including syllogistic. Stochastic one logic does not add significantly to the teachings of syllogize, but rather it the link with the theory of knowledge, which existed from Aristotle, and so turned the logic of a purely formal teaching. Exemplary leadership in the logic of the Middle Ages, it was an essay Martsiana Chapel, exemplary commentary - compositions. Some of the comments involved exercises on the S., for example. "Introductio ad categoricos syllogismes", "De syllogisme categorico" and "De syllogismo hypothetico".